https://doi.org/10.4081/reumatismo.2022.1556
The history of antiphospholipid syndrome
Published: 21 March 2023
Abstract Views: 1792
PDF: 1339
Publisher's note
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers. Any product that may be evaluated in this article or claim that may be made by its manufacturer is not guaranteed or endorsed by the publisher.
Authors
Antiphospholipid Syndrome (APS) is an autoimmune disease which was defined in the early 1980s. The principal features include thromboembolic events and/or pregnancy losses in association with antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL). As an historical note, the full-blown picture of the syndrome resembles the illness suffered by Anne Stuart, Queen of England in the XVIII century, whose repeated miscarriages caused the end of the royal Stuart line and the Hanoverian succession. The identification of aPL started in the early XX century and was linked to the introduction of the serological test for the diagnosis of syphilis. This involves a reaction between an antibody (reagin) and a phospholipid antigen derived from bovine heart (cardiolipin). Later on, it was observed that not all subjects with a positive test had syphilis, and that the so called “false positive reaction” was often reported in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Different tests for the identification of aPL were subsequently developed: first lupus anticoagulant (1971) and then immunoassays for anticardiolipin (1983) and anti-beta2 glycoprotein I (1990) antibodies. In the same period the association between the presence of circulating aPL and thrombotic and obstetric events was established, both in patients with autoimmune diseases and in otherwise healthy subjects, leading to the identification of APS as a distinct autoimmune disease. This has allowed better diagnosis and more targeted treatment for many patients.
Khamashta MA. Hughes syndrome: sticky blood. Clin Exp Rheum 2009;27:1-2.
Emson HE. For the want of an heir: the obstetrical history of Queen Anne. BMJ 1992;304:1365-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.304.6838.1365
Wasserman A, Neisser A, Bruck C. Eine serodiagnostische reaktion bei syphilis. Dtsh Med Wochenschr 1906;32:745.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1142018
Asherson RA, Cervera R, Piette JC, et al. The antiphospholipid syndrome: history, definition, classification and differential diagnosis. In: Asherson RA. The antiphospholid syndrome. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press; 1996. pp 3-12.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1201/9781351077125-1
Pagborn MC. A new serologically active phospholipid from beef heart. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1941;44:484-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3181/00379727-48-13365P
Moore JE, Mohr CF. Biologically false positive serologic tests for syphilis; type, incidence, and cause. J Am Med Assoc 1952;150:467-73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.1952.03680050033010
Moore JE, Lutz WB. The natural history of systemic lupus erythematosus: an approach to its study through chronic biologic false positive reactors. J Chronic Dis 1955;1:297-316.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-9681(55)90039-4
Conley CL, Hartmann RC. A hemorrhagic disorder caused by circulation anticoagulant in patients with disseminate lupus erythematosus. J Lab Clin Invest 1952;31:621-2.
Laurell AB, Nilsson IM. Hypergammaglobulinemia, circulating anticoagulant, and biologic false positive Wassermann reaction; a study in two cases. J Lab Clin Med 1957;49:694-707.
Lee SL, Sanders MA. A disorder of blood coagulation in systemic lupus erythematosus. J Clin Invest 1955;34:1814-22.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1172/JCI103237
Feinstein DI, Rapaport SI. Acquired inhibitors of blood coagulation. Prog Hemost Thromb 1972;1:75-95.
Bowie EJ, Thompson JH Jr, Pascuzzi CA, et al. Thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus despite circulating anticoagulants. J Lab Clin Med 1963;62:416-30.
Alarcon Segovia D, Osmundson PJ. Peripheral vascular syndromes associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Ann Intern Med 1965;62:907-19.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-62-5-907
Beaumont JL. Acquired hemorrhagic syndrome caused by a circulating anticoagulant; inhibition of the thromboplastic function of the blood platelets; description of a specific test [Aricle in French]. Sang 1954;25:1-15.
Nilsson IM, Astedt B, Hedner U, et al. Intrauterine death and circulating anticoagulant ("antithromboplastin"). Acta Med Scand 1975;197:153-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0954-6820.1975.tb04897.x
Krulik M, Tobelem G, Audebert AA, et al. Circulating anticoagulants in disseminated lupus erythematosus. [Article in French]. Ann Med Interne 1977;128:57-62.
Soulier JP, Boffa MC. Avortements á repetition, thromboses et anticoagulant circulant antithromboplastine. Nouv Presse Med 1980;9:859-64.
Carreras LO, Vermylen J, Spitz B, et al. "Lupus" anticoagulant and inhibition of prostacyclin formation in patients with repeated abortion, intrauterine growth retardation and intrauterine death. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1981;88:890-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-0528.1981.tb02224.x
Carreras LO, Defreyn G, Machin SJ, et al. Arterial thrombosis, intrauterine death and "lupus" antiocoagulant: detection of immunoglobulin interfering with prostacyclin formation. Lancet 1981;1:244-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(81)92087-0
Hughes GR. Thrombosis, abortion, cerebral disease, and the lupus anticoagulant. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983;287:1088-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.287.6399.1088
Lubbe WF, Butler WS, Palmer SJ, et al. Fetal survival after prednisone suppression of maternal lupus-anticoagulant. Lancet 1983;1:1361-3.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(83)92141-4
Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Boey ML, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies: detection by radioimmunoassay and association with thrombosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1983;2:1211-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(83)91267-9
Harris EN, Gharavi AE, Hughes GR. Anti-phospholipid antibodies. Clin Rheum Dis 1985;11:591-609.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0307-742X(21)00606-8
Mackworth-Young CG, Loizou S, Walport MJ. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome: features of patients with raised anticardiolipin antibodies but with no other disorder. Ann Rheum Dis 1989;48:362-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1136/ard.48.5.362
Alarcon-Segovia D, Sanchez-Guerrero J. Primary antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1989;16:482-8.
Galli M, Comfurius P, Maassen C, et al. Anticardiolipin antibodies (ACA) directed not to cardiolipin but to a plasma protein cofactor. Lancet 1990;335:1544-7.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91374-J
McNeil HP, Simpson RJ, Chesterman CN, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies are directed against a complex antigen that includes a lipid-binding inhibitor of coagulation: beta 2-glycoprotein I (apolipoprotein H). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1990;87:4120-4.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.87.11.4120
Matsuura E, Igarashi Y, Fujimoto M, et al. Anticardiolipin cofactor(s) and differential diagnosis of antoimmune disease. Lancet 1990;336:177-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(90)91697-9
Arvieux J, Roussel B, Jacob MC, et al. Measurement of anti-phospholipid antibodies by ELISA using beta 2-glycoprotein I as an antigen. J Immunol Methods 1991;143:223-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(91)90047-J
Gharavi AE, Mellors RC, Elkon KB. IgG anti-cardiolipin antibodies in murine lupus. Clin Exp Immunol 1989;78:233-8.
Branch DW, Dudley DJ, Mitchell MD, et al. Immunoglobulin G fractions from patients with antiphospholipid antibodies cause fetal death in BALB/c mice: a model for autoimmune fetal loss. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990;163:210-6.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/S0002-9378(11)90700-5
Blank M, Cohen J, Toder V, et al. Induction of anti-phospholipid syndrome in naive mice with mouse lupus monoclonal and human polyclonal anti-cardiolipin antibodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1991;88:3069-73.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.88.8.3069
Pierangeli SS, Harris EN. Antiphospholipid antibodies in an in vivo thrombosis model in mice. Lupus 1994;3:247-51.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/096120339400300408
Holers VM, Girardi G, Mo L, et al. Complement C3 activation is required for antiphospholipid antibody-induced fetal loss. J Exp Med 2002;195:211–20.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.200116116
Meroni PL, del Papa N, Gambini D, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies and endothelial cells. Lupus 1994;3:267-9.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/096120339400300412
Di Simone N, Meroni PL, de Papa N, et al. Antiphospholipid antibodies affect trophoblast gonadotropin secretion and invasiveness by binding directly and through adhered beta2-glycoprotein I. Arthritis Rheum 2000;43:140-50.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(200001)43:1<140::AID-ANR18>3.0.CO;2-P
Asherson R A. The catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome. J Rheumatol 1992;19:508-12.
Wilson WA, Gharavi AE, Koike T, et al. International consensus statement on preliminary classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome: report of an international workshop. Arthritis Rheum 1999;42:1309-11.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/1529-0131(199907)42:7<1309::AID-ANR1>3.0.CO;2-F
Miyakis S, Lockshin MD, Atsumi T, et al. International consensus statement on an update of the classification criteria for definite antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). J Thromb Haemost 2006;4:295-306.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1538-7836.2006.01753.x
Barbhaiya M, Zuily S, Ahmadzadeh Y, et al. Development of a new international antiphospholipid syndrome classification criteria phase I/II report: generation and reduction of candidate criteria. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2021;73:1490-1501.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.24520
Cervera R, Piette JC, Font J, et al. Antiphospholipid syndrome. Clinical and immunologic manifestations and patterns of disease expression in a cohort of 1,000 patients. Arthritis Rheum 2002;46:1019–27.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/art.10187
Erkan D, Lockshin MD, APS ACTION members. APS ACTION--antiphospholipid syndrome alliance for clinical trials and international networking. Lupus 2012;21:695-8.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0961203312437810
How to Cite
Tincani, A., Fontana, G., & Mackworth-Young, C. (2023). The history of antiphospholipid syndrome. Reumatismo, 74(4). https://doi.org/10.4081/reumatismo.2022.1556
Copyright (c) 2023 the Author(s)
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work.
Similar Articles
- A. Kefi, F. Said, T. Ben Salem, M. Khedher, M. Khanfir, I. Ben Ghorbel, M. Lamloum, M.H. Houman, Headache in a young woman: do not forget Susac’s syndrome , Reumatismo: Vol. 69 No. 3 (2017)
- P. Grypiotis, A. Ruffatti, M. Tonello, C. Winzler, C. Radu, S. Zampieri, M. Favaro, A. Calligaro, S. Todesco, Clinical significance of fluoroscopic patterns specific for the mitotic spindle in patients with reumatic diseases , Reumatismo: Vol. 54 No. 3 (2002)
- A. Tincani, C. Casu, S. Cartella, T. Ziglioli, R. Cattaneo, Antiphospholipid antibody: laboratory, pathogenesis and clinical manifestations , Reumatismo: Vol. 62 No. 1 (2010)
- Virginia Annese, Paola Tomietto, Paolo Venturini, Serena D'Agostini, Gianfranco Ferraccioli, Migraine in SLE: role of antiphospholipid antibodies and Raynaud’s phenomenon , Reumatismo: Vol. 58 No. 1 (2006)
- D. Filippini, F. Colombo, S. Jann, R. Corneo, B. Canesi, Central nervous system involvement in patients with HCV-related cryoglobulinemia: review and a case report , Reumatismo: Vol. 54 No. 2 (2002)
- C. Grava, A. Ruffatti, O. Milanesi, M. Favaro, M. Tonello, A. Calligaro, T. Del Ross, S. Todesco, Isolated congenital heart block in undifferentiated connective tissue disease and in primary Sjögren’s syndrome: a clinical study of 81 pregnancies in 41 patients , Reumatismo: Vol. 57 No. 3 (2005)
- M. Govoni, N. Rizzo, G. Castellino, M. Padovan, F. Trotta, Neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus: where are we now? , Reumatismo: Vol. 57 No. 4 (2005)
- A. Alunno, G. Nocentini, O. Bistoni, R. Bianchini, E. Bartoloni Bocci, C. Riccardi, R. Gerli, Glucocorticoid induced TNFR-related protein (GITR) as marker of human regulatory T cells: expansion of the GITR+CD25- cell subset in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus , Reumatismo: Vol. 62 No. 3 (2010)
- F. Saccon, M. Gatto, M. Larosa, F. Ometto, M. Felicetti, R. Padoan, M. Zen, Diagnostic and prognostic role of renal histopathology in rheumatic diseases , Reumatismo: Vol. 70 No. 3 (2018): Monographic issue on Histopathology in Rheumatic Diseases
- S.H. Sánchez-Rodríguez, D. Herrera-van-Oostdam, E. Avalos-Díaz, R. Herrera-Esparza, Ro60 and La ribonucleoproteins become self-aggregated by cell stress , Reumatismo: Vol. 59 No. 4 (2007)
<< < 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 > >>
You may also start an advanced similarity search for this article.
